See stonen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Mind",
"orig": "enm:Mind",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "stonen"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "made of stone"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "stǣnen"
},
"expansion": "Old English stǣnen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*stainīn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *stainīn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*stainīnaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *stainīnaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ston",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "made of",
"t2": "made of"
},
"expansion": "ston + -en (“made of”)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From earlier stenen, from Old English stǣnen, from Proto-West Germanic *stainīn, Proto-Germanic *stainīnaz. Equivalent to ston + -en (“made of”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "stanene",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stonene",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stonon",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stonun",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stonyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stoonen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "stonen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (made of)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Composed or built of stone."
],
"id": "en-stonen-enm-adj-9HIAQnfz",
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "rochen"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "stenen"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɔ̝ːnən/"
}
],
"word": "stonen"
}
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Mind",
"orig": "enm:Mind",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "stone"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "stane"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "steen"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "to stone"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "stone",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "infinitival",
"pos2": "infinitival suffix"
},
"expansion": "stone + -en (infinitival suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From stone + -en (infinitival suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "stonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to stonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stoneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stoneden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stonede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stoneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stonynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stonende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ystoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "stain",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stane",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stoonen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "stonen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ston"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "31 2 4 38 6 3 4 9 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 2 23 27 4 4 6 8 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (noun plural)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 1 2 47 2 2 2 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "76 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To throw stones."
],
"id": "en-stonen-enm-verb-H2X~6tPM",
"links": [
[
"throw",
"throw"
],
[
"stones",
"stones"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive) To throw stones."
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To stone, execute using stones."
],
"id": "en-stonen-enm-verb-5lUX3Ctb",
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
],
[
"execute",
"execute"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To stone, execute using stones."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To remove or eliminate stones or rocks."
],
"id": "en-stonen-enm-verb-13L3-J32",
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To remove or eliminate stones or rocks."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɔ̝ːnən/"
}
],
"word": "stonen"
}
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Mind",
"orig": "enm:Mind",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "stun"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)tenh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "to stun"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "astonen",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "apheretic form of astonen",
"name": "apheretic form"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "borrowed"
},
"expansion": "borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "xno",
"3": "estoner",
"t": "to shake, stun"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman estoner (“to shake, stun”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la-lat",
"3": "*stunō",
"4": "*stunāre"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin *stunāre",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "*extonāre"
},
"expansion": "Latin *extonāre",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "frk",
"3": "*stunōn",
"t": "to thunder, crash, knock, strike"
},
"expansion": "Frankish *stunōn (“to thunder, crash, knock, strike”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "i",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "inherited"
},
"expansion": "inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "stunian",
"4": "",
"5": "to smash, thunder",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "1",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English stunian (“to smash, thunder”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "stunian",
"nocap": "1",
"nocat": "1",
"t": "to smash, thunder"
},
"expansion": "inherited from Old English stunian (“to smash, thunder”)",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*stunōn",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *stunōn",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably either an apheretic form of astonen or directly borrowed from Anglo-Norman estoner (“to shake, stun”), from Late Latin *stunāre, possibly from Latin *extonāre, from tonāre (“to thunder”) or from Frankish *stunōn (“to thunder, crash, knock, strike”). Alternatively inherited from Old English stunian (“to smash, thunder”), from Proto-West Germanic *stunōn, though the gap in attestation and difference in sense is suspicious, while the largely synonymous stoneyen corroborates derivation from estoner as it can only easily be derived from Old French.\nThe variant stoynyn may either represent a North Midland phonetic development of /oː/ (from /u/ in a open syllable; compare West Riding traditional dialect /uɪ̯/) or a modification of reduced forms of stoneyen by analogy with the variation between /i̯n/ and /nj/ in Old French words with /ɲ/ such as onyoun and poynaunt.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "stoneth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stonende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stonynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "stonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to stonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stoneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stoneden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stonede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stoneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stonynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stonende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stoynyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "stonen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "ston"
},
"expansion": "stonen (third-person singular simple present stoneth, present participle stonende, stonynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle stoned)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ston",
"y": "0"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "astonen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "stoneyen"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To astonish, shock, or stupefy."
],
"id": "en-stonen-enm-verb-G7DkMBBR",
"links": [
[
"astonish",
"astonish"
],
[
"shock",
"shock"
],
[
"stupefy",
"stupefy"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To stun or incapacitate; to render unconscious."
],
"id": "en-stonen-enm-verb-MjFhoRm4",
"links": [
[
"stun",
"stun"
],
[
"incapacitate",
"incapacitate"
],
[
"unconscious",
"unconscious"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To shatter or strike."
],
"id": "en-stonen-enm-verb-dI8p~F56",
"links": [
[
"shatter",
"shatter"
],
[
"strike",
"strike"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To shatter or strike."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstunən/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"West Riding"
],
"word": "stonen"
}
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Mind",
"orig": "enm:Mind",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ston",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "noun plural",
"pos2": "plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "ston + -en (plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From ston + -en (plural suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "stonen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "22 2 23 27 4 4 6 8 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (noun plural)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "stone"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plural of stone"
],
"id": "en-stonen-enm-noun-enm:stones",
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone#Middle_English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:stones"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"plural"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɔːnən/"
}
],
"word": "stonen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English adjectives",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English non-lemma forms",
"Middle English noun forms",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -en (made of)",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -en (noun plural)",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Mind"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "stonen"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "made of stone"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "stǣnen"
},
"expansion": "Old English stǣnen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*stainīn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *stainīn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*stainīnaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *stainīnaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ston",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "made of",
"t2": "made of"
},
"expansion": "ston + -en (“made of”)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From earlier stenen, from Old English stǣnen, from Proto-West Germanic *stainīn, Proto-Germanic *stainīnaz. Equivalent to ston + -en (“made of”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "stanene",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stonene",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stonon",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stonun",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stonyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stoonen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "stonen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "rochen"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Composed or built of stone."
],
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "stenen"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɔ̝ːnən/"
}
],
"word": "stonen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English non-lemma forms",
"Middle English noun forms",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -en (infinitival)",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -en (noun plural)",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Mind"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "stone"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "stane"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "steen"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "to stone"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "stone",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "infinitival",
"pos2": "infinitival suffix"
},
"expansion": "stone + -en (infinitival suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From stone + -en (infinitival suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "stonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to stonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stoneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stoneden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stonede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stoneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stonynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stonende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ystoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "stain",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stane",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stoonen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "stonen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ston"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs",
"Middle English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To throw stones."
],
"links": [
[
"throw",
"throw"
],
[
"stones",
"stones"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive) To throw stones."
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To stone, execute using stones."
],
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
],
[
"execute",
"execute"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To stone, execute using stones."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To remove or eliminate stones or rocks."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To remove or eliminate stones or rocks."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɔ̝ːnən/"
}
],
"word": "stonen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English apheretic forms",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English non-lemma forms",
"Middle English noun forms",
"Middle English terms borrowed from Anglo-Norman",
"Middle English terms derived from Anglo-Norman",
"Middle English terms derived from Frankish",
"Middle English terms derived from Late Latin",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)tenh₂-",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -en (noun plural)",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Mind"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "stun"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)tenh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "to stun"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "astonen",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "apheretic form of astonen",
"name": "apheretic form"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "borrowed"
},
"expansion": "borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "xno",
"3": "estoner",
"t": "to shake, stun"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman estoner (“to shake, stun”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la-lat",
"3": "*stunō",
"4": "*stunāre"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin *stunāre",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "*extonāre"
},
"expansion": "Latin *extonāre",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "frk",
"3": "*stunōn",
"t": "to thunder, crash, knock, strike"
},
"expansion": "Frankish *stunōn (“to thunder, crash, knock, strike”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "i",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "inherited"
},
"expansion": "inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "stunian",
"4": "",
"5": "to smash, thunder",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "1",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English stunian (“to smash, thunder”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "stunian",
"nocap": "1",
"nocat": "1",
"t": "to smash, thunder"
},
"expansion": "inherited from Old English stunian (“to smash, thunder”)",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*stunōn",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *stunōn",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably either an apheretic form of astonen or directly borrowed from Anglo-Norman estoner (“to shake, stun”), from Late Latin *stunāre, possibly from Latin *extonāre, from tonāre (“to thunder”) or from Frankish *stunōn (“to thunder, crash, knock, strike”). Alternatively inherited from Old English stunian (“to smash, thunder”), from Proto-West Germanic *stunōn, though the gap in attestation and difference in sense is suspicious, while the largely synonymous stoneyen corroborates derivation from estoner as it can only easily be derived from Old French.\nThe variant stoynyn may either represent a North Midland phonetic development of /oː/ (from /u/ in a open syllable; compare West Riding traditional dialect /uɪ̯/) or a modification of reduced forms of stoneyen by analogy with the variation between /i̯n/ and /nj/ in Old French words with /ɲ/ such as onyoun and poynaunt.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "stoneth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stonende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stonynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "stonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to stonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stoneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "stonen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stoneden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stonede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stoneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "stonynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stonende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stoned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "stone",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stoynyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "stonen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "ston"
},
"expansion": "stonen (third-person singular simple present stoneth, present participle stonende, stonynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle stoned)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ston",
"y": "0"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "astonen"
},
{
"word": "stoneyen"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To astonish, shock, or stupefy."
],
"links": [
[
"astonish",
"astonish"
],
[
"shock",
"shock"
],
[
"stupefy",
"stupefy"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To stun or incapacitate; to render unconscious."
],
"links": [
[
"stun",
"stun"
],
[
"incapacitate",
"incapacitate"
],
[
"unconscious",
"unconscious"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To shatter or strike."
],
"links": [
[
"shatter",
"shatter"
],
[
"strike",
"strike"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) To shatter or strike."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstunən/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"West Riding"
],
"word": "stonen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English non-lemma forms",
"Middle English noun forms",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -en (noun plural)",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Mind"
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ston",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "noun plural",
"pos2": "plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "ston + -en (plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From ston + -en (plural suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "stonen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "stone"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plural of stone"
],
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone#Middle_English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:stones"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"plural"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɔːnən/"
}
],
"word": "stonen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for stonen meaning in Middle English (14.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-03-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-03-03 using wiktextract (05c257f and 9d9a410). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.